Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Cauliflower

With the use of integrated nutrient management, cauliflower the growth and yield can be boosted. Due to their complementing effects, the ideal combination of different organic and inorganic sources of nutrients may significantly boost cauliflower growth and yield. The experiment consisted of 13 treatments viz. T1= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha (Recommended dose of NPKS as control), T2= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha), T3= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha), T4= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha), T5= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha), T6= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha), T7= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha), T8= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T9= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T10= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T11= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T12= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha) and T13= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having single factor with three replications. Data were recorded on growth, yield components of cauliflower and significant variation was observed for most of the studied characters. Under this investigation, it was revealed that the highest yield (36.34 t/ha) with net return (Tk. 524202) and BCR (3.59) was obtained from T12 (N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha) treatment. On the other hand, the lowest yield (13.50 t/ha) with net return (Tk. 137869) and BCR (2.04) was obtained from T1 (N120P60K100S20 kg/ha) treatment. So, economic analysis revealed that T12 (N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio-fertilizer (5 kg/ha) treatment appeared to be the best for achieving the higher growth, yield and economic benefit of cauliflower.

IgG4 related sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis with cocoon formation: An unusual and undescribed presentation

IgG4-related sclerosing mesenteritis is a rare disease of mesentery of an unknown etiology which shows a constellation of histopathologic findings of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with IgG4-positive plasma cells and marked fibrosis. This chronic inflammatory condition of mesentery forming an abdominal cocoon has never been described before to the best of our knowledge. Here, we report a patient with a history of subacute small bowel obstruction who was found to have an intra-abdominal encapsulating mass in the right iliac fossa and was finally diagnosed as IgG4-related sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (abdominal cocoon) based on peroperative findings, histology and immunohistochemistry.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Leprosy and its Management among Leprosy Patients, Their Relatives and the Medical Interns: An Institution Based Cross-Sectional Study

The study aims at evaluating the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding leprosy and its management among patients, their caregivers (relatives), and future healthcare providers (medical interns). Question- naire-based study was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee and participants were recruited after obtaining informed consent. Validated Questionnaire (face-validity and content-validity, content-validity- ratio cut-off 0.75) was used after pilot-testing for reliability (Chronbach's alpha>0.8 accepted). Vernacular- version of the questionnaire was developed by translation and back-translation. The questionnaire administered to clinically-diagnosed cases of leprosy, their caregivers (relatives), and future healthcare providers (medical interns) of BS Medical College Bakura, (a tertiary care rural medical college hospital). The calculated sample size was 88 for patients and their caregivers, considering 95% confidence interval, 10% allowable error and 35.67% response rate. The figures regarding knowledge about leprosy, and its treatment ranged between 71.6% to 26.1% among patients and between 85.2% to 37.5% among their caregivers for different knowledge domains. Lack of proper knowledge was also found in upto 52% of medical interns. Myths prevailed in upto 12.5% of patients, 23.9% caregivers, 6.7% of medical interns. There was attitudinal crisis and stigma in upto 45.5% of patients, 56.8% of caregivers, and 33.3% of medical interns. The stigma resulted in 33.4% of patients losing their job, 25% separated in their own home and 16.7% divorced. Awareness about leprosy is still lacking among patients and their caregivers despite repeated public health campaigns by NLEP. The absence of knowledge regarding leprosy among a few medical interns and even the presence of myths in their minds is an ominous sign. More effective awareness programmes and counseling involving the general population are necessary to eliminate stigma from the society

Shelf-Life Assessment Of Euphorbia Antiquorum Linn., Euphorbia Caducifolia Haines, Euphorbia Nivulia Buch. Ham And Euphorbia Tirucalli Linn. Latex

Objective: In the present study, an attempt was made to assess the shelf life of the Snuhi latex which is frequently used in fresh condition for the preparation of Ksharasutra, a medicated thread, used in Ayurveda. Methods: The latex of E. antiquorum, E. caducifolia, E. nivulia and E. tirucalli were collected individually and stored in air tight glass vials during the month of May, 2018. Physical attributes like Colour, odour, appearances, pH and microbial load of all four samples were assessed as per standard protocol. Assessment was made every day, 9 AM, for 7 d in room temperature and for 10 d in refrigerated samples. Results: Result shows that, pH range (start-end day) was 4.25-5.18, 4.79-5.12, 4.48-4.76 and 4.40-5.42 in case of E. antiquorum, E. caducifolia, E. nivulia and E. tirucalli at room temperature. It was found that, Aspergillus niger was found in Euphorbia antiquorum, Euphorbia caducifolia whereas Candida albicans was found in Euphorbia tirucalli latex in fungal culture on the 7th day after collection, when the samples were stored at room temperature. All the samples were free from microbial growth up to 10thday when stored at 4-5 °C in a refrigerator. Conclusion: Temperature, and moisture affects the quality of fresh snuhi latex. The latex remains free from microbial growth up to six days in room temperature and up to 10 d under at refrigerated temperature (4-5 °C).

A report of two cases of dedifferentiated endometrioid carcinoma: A newly described underrecognized tumor of poor prognosis

Dedifferentiated endometrioid carcinoma or dedifferentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma (DEAC) is defined by the presence of undifferentiated carcinoma with endometrioid carcinoma. Undifferentiated component can be misinterpreted as solid component of high-grade endometrioid carcinoma or sarcomatous component of malignant mixed mullerian tumor. We present two cases of DEAC. Two postmenopausal women underwent hysterectomy for vaginal bleeding. Microscopically, sections from the endometrial tumors showed a biphasic growth consisting of an undifferentiated component and a glandular component with sharp transition between the two components. The undifferentiated component showed focal positivity for cytokeratin and vimentin, while glandular component was diffusely positive for cytokeratin and negative for vimentin expression.

Community perception and risk reduction practices toward malaria and dengue: A mixed-method study in slums of Chetla, Kolkata

Background: Globally, vector-borne diseases account for 17% of infectious disease burden. In India, despite accelerated efforts, both malaria and dengue are major public health concern. Understanding local community perspectives is essential to strengthen ongoing program activities. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the community perceptions and risk reduction practices toward prevention and control of malaria and dengue at slums of Chetla in South Kolkata and to explore the perspectives of relevant local stakeholders in this regard. Methods: This cross-sectional study with mixed-method design was conducted from June to September 2018. Quantitative data were collected in 288 sampled households through face-to-face interview of respondents and environmental checklist, whereas, qualitative exploration was done with five key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 Software. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically using “cut and sort” processing technique. Results: In household survey, majority had unsatisfactory knowledge (68.4%), attitude (64.2%), and practices (62.8%) regarding diseases prevention/control, which was further substantiated by qualitative findings. The use of electric fans (79.5%), mosquito repellents (53.8%) were predominant practices; however, only a few used bed nets regularly (26.0%). Reportedly, “heat” and “poor ventilation” were key reasons behind reluctance to use bed nets. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that increasing age, proximity to a nearby canal, and unsatisfactory knowledge significantly predicted unfavorable attitude, whereas, respondents' gender and unfavorable attitude significantly predicted poor practices. Conclusions: Intensified social behavior change communication with active community participation is the need of the hour to prevent malaria and dengue occurrence and future outbreaks.

Candidate screening of blast resistance donors for rice breeding

Rice blast is one of the most serious diseases in the world. The use of resistant cultivars is the most preferred means to control this disease. Resistance often breaks down due to emergence of new races; hence identification of novel resistance donors is indispensable. In this study, a panel of 80 released varieties from National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack was genotyped with 36 molecular markers that were linked to 36 different blast resistance genes, to investigate the varietal genetic diversity and molecular marker-trait association with blast resistance. The polymorphism information content of 36 loci varied from 0.11 to 0.37 with an average of 0.34. The cluster analysis and population structure categorized the 80 National Rice Research Institute released varieties (NRVs) into three major genetic groups. The principal co-ordinate analysis displays the distribution of resistant and moderately resistant NRVs into different groups. Analysis of molecular variance result demonstrated maximum (97%) diversity within populations and minimum (3%) diversity between populations. Among tested markers, two markers (RM7364 and pi21_79-3) corresponding tothe blast resistance genes (Pi56(t) and pi21) were significantly associated and explained a phenotypic variance of 4.9 to 5.1% with the blast resistance. These associated genes could be introgressed through marker-assisted to develop durable blast resistant rice varieties. The selected resistant NRVs could be good donors for the blast resistance in rice crop improvement research.

Osteosarcoma of the Skull: An Unusual Presentation in the Left Parietal-Occipital Region

Osteosarcoma (OS) is an uncommon primary malignant brain tumor. The incidence of osteosarcoma of the skull is low with an estimated 3.4 cases per million reported per year. We report a case of OS of the skull in an 18-year-old female patient. She had complained of swelling on the left side of the head accompanied with frequent headache and diminished vision in the left eye. An PET-CT of the skull revealed a large 93x90 mm lesion in the left parietal-occipital region. Osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma of the skull was confirmed histopathologically. The patient received six cycles of Adriamycin and cisplatin; is under close observation and currently doing well. It is empirical to report case reports, specifically unusual cases like OS of the skull. Case reports not only help disseminate knowledge but also help streamline diagnostic and treatment approaches for unusual cases.

Role of S-100 Immunostaining in Differentiation of Borderline Leprosy from Other Granulomatous Diseases of Skin

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease affecting skin, peripheral nerves and other tissues. On histopathology leprosy mimics other infectious and non-infectious lesions like tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and fungal infections, which are also common in our country. In tuberculoid and indeterminate forms, where Acid Fast Bacilli cannot be demonstrated, the diagnosis becomes more difficult. Mycobacterium leprae is the only bacterium which has the ability to infiltrate peripheral nerves leading to Schwann cell disintegration. On routine Hematoxylin and Eosin stains (H&E), the nerve fibers may not be easily identifiable in some cases , hence S-100 immunostaining is used to highlight the nerve elements and to demonstrate and compare the nerve changes in spectrum of leprosy. With widespread use of multi-drug treatment, there has been changes in the profile of disease. The aim of the present study was to observe different patterns of cutaneous nerve involvement in leprosy and to correlate these with the clinical and histopathological findings in currently referred cases for histopathological opinion. The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, over a period of 12 months (July 2016 - July 2017) Subjects were recruited from patients presenting in Dermatology OPD. A total 35 consecutive cases with clinical suspicion / diagnosis of leprosy were included in the study. Biopsies were processed and stained by H&E, Fite-Faraco as well as S100 immunostaining. It was observed that on S-100 immunostaining, 43.7% cases showed granulomas infiltrating the dermal nerves whereas these changes could not be demonstrated in 16.6% cases of Borderline leprosy on H&E staining alone. Thus S-100 staining appears to serve as an important tool to diagnose leprosy from other granulomatous diseases of skin even in current scenario of leprosy.

Assessment of microbiological status after successful completion of intermittent revised national tuberculosis control programme directly observed treatment, short course regimen for microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis cases: While new daily regimen going to be implemented in India

Purpose: The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) is now introducing daily fixed-dose regimen instead of Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS) regimen for treatment of drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) in India. It would be beneficial to understand the drawbacks, barriers and advantages of the existing system for better implementation of new policy. Our study was aimed to evaluate the current microbiological status of new microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients who have successfully completed intermittent DOTS regimen within last 2 years and also to find the economic barriers faced by beneficiaries to avail DOTS treatment. Materials and Methods: We included patients who had completed CAT 1 DOTS regimen within the last 2 years. The patients were interviewed. Sputum sample was collected for microscopy and cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test. Results: All patients were adhered to intermittent DOTS therapy, and sputum conversion rate was 83%. Minor gastrointestinal side effects were experienced by 60% of cases and 87% consumed drugs under supervision. On microbiological examination, 10% of the study population was found to be positive for TB and they all were rifampicin sensitive. Those who had completed treatment within 1 year with no clinical symptoms re-appeared after treatment. Conclusion: Till date, RNTCP does not follow up the patients for any period of time after successful completion of treatment. Through the present study, we could find relapse cases in 10% of the previously treated non-symptomatic patients. These unnoticed relapse cases have potential to spread TB and increase disease burden of country. Thus, we can conclude that RNTCP has to follow up the patients after successful treatment to determine whether they relapse. It is needed for the success of programme and control of the disease in the country.

A cross‑sectional study on aetiology of diarrhoeal disease, India.

Background: Global, regional and national estimates clearly place diarrhoeal diseases as a major, albeit to an extant neglected public health problem. Deaths of children aged <5 years owing to diarrhoea was estimated to be 1.87 million at the global level (uncertainty range from 1.56 to 2.19 million), which is approximately 19% of total child deaths. Objectives: The present report is a cross‑sectional study undertaken to estimate the role of various aetiological agents causing diarrhoea in North Karnataka and adjoining areas of Maharashtra and Goa. Methods: Three hundred stool samples were collected from patients seeking health care at KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum; and processed for detection of various bacterial, viral and parasitic agents. Results: Bacterial pathogens attributed to 65.7% of diarrhoea cases, followed by viral infection (22%), parasitic infection (16.3%) and infection by Candida spp. (5.6%). The study identified Escherichia coli in general and Enteropathogenic E. coli in particular, and Group A Rotavirus to be the most frequently isolated pathogens among diarrhoea patients. Conclusion: The data generated from the current study will help the health officials for better interventional and treatment strategies for diarrhoeal diseases.

Role of adjuvant radiation in the management of central neurocytoma: Experience from a tertiary cancer care center of India.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Neurocytoma (NC) is a rare benign neuronal tumor. A complete excision remains curative for most of these tumors, but atypical histology and extra‑ventricular location often necessitates adjuvant therapy. We intended to explore the clinico‑pathological features and treatment outcome in patients of NC in our institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records were reviewed and data collected on NC over a 6‑year period (2006‑2012) from the departmental archives. Disease free survival (DFS) was analyzed by Kaplan‑Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients met the study criteria. Fourteen patients had intra‑ventricular neurocytoma (IVNC), right lateral ventricle being the most common site of origin. Gross total resection and near total resection were achieved in eight cases each whereas tumor decompression and biopsy could be done in two cases. On post‑operative histopathological examination, eight patients were found to have atypical NC while 10 patients had typical NC. All patients underwent adjuvant radiation. The median dose of post‑operative radiation was 56 Gy. All patients were alive at their final follow‑up. One patient had both clinical and radiological evidence of local relapse. In the evaluable patients (n = 18), after a median follow‑up of 35 months the DFS rate at 2 years and 3 years are 100% and 83% respectively. CONCLUSION: Use of adjuvant radiation to a total dose of 56 Gy enhances the local control and achieves superior survival in patients of NC. Use of 3D conformal planning techniques may help us to achieve better therapeutic ratio in patients with NC.

In vitro susceptibility pattern of Tigecycline against MRSA, ESBL producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Acinetobacter isolates in a rural tertiary care hospital.

Background: Tigecycline is the first commercially available glycycline, derivatives of the tetracycline antibiotics, having enhanced activity against various pathogens. In vitro activity has been demonstrated against multi drug resistant Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens like MRSA, ESBL producing Esch.coli and Klebsiella spp. and Acinetobacter Objective: To determine Tigecycline in vitro susceptibility pattern in MRSA, ESBL producing Esch.coli and Klebsiella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. Material and Methods: Investigations were carried out from August 2012-January 2014 to detect MRSA,ESBL producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. as well as Acinetobacter spp. by using a standard protocols and Tigecycline in-vitro susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion method and it’s MIC value against resistant isolates was evaluated.Statistical analysis was done by Fishers extract method. Result: Out of 107 Staphylococcus aureus isolates 52(48.59%) were MRSA, none of them showed resistance to Tigecycline. Out of 82 Esch.coli isolates 14 (i.e 17.07%) were ESBL producers, none of them showed resistance to Tigecycline.Out of 67 Klebsiella isolates 21 (i.e 31.34%) were ESBL producers out of which only 1 (i.e 4.76%) was resistant to Tigecycline.Out of 19 Acinetobacter spp.isolated 3 (i.e 15.78%) were resistant to Tigecycline. The MIC range for ESBL producing Eschcoli, Klebsiella spp., MRSA and acinetobacter spp were 0.14-0.45 μg/ml,0.25-2.4 μg/ml,0.12-0.26 μg/ml, 1-3.2 μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: The results of the study confirm the excellent in vitro activity of Tigecycline against Gram positive and Gram negative multidrug resistant pathogens.

Impact of post‑operative radiation on coronary arteries in patients of early breast cancer: A pilot dosimetric study from a tertiary cancer care center from India.

BACKGROUND: The significant impact of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) on cardiac morbidity in patients of early breast cancer (EBC) undergoing breast‑conserving surgery has been shown in different studies. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of surgery and the side of involvement on radiation dose to left anterior descending artery (LAD) and Left circumflex coronary artery (LCx). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally, 58 patients of EBC were randomly chosen for this dosimetric study and planned with tangential field technique without intensity modulation (IM). Heart, LAD, and LCx (n = 55) were contoured. Dose volume histograms were analyzed to determine the Dmax (maximum dose) and Dmean (mean dose) of LAD and LCx. Student’s t‑test was used for comparative analysis of the means. RESULTS: The mean Dmax of LAD for left (L) EBC was 3.17 Gray (Gy) while for right (R) EBC it was 0.86 Gy (P = 0.007; 95% C.I, 1.14–3.48). The mean Dmean of LAD for L‑EBC and R‑EBC were 1.97 Gy and 0.79 Gy, respectively (P = 0.029; 95% C.I, 0.77–1.60). The mean‑Dmax of LCx for patients with L‑EBC (2.9 Gy; range: 1.2–4.35 Gy) was statistically higher than that for R‑EBC (1.3 Gy; range: 0.7–3.2 Gy) (P = 0.045). The mean‑Dmean of LCx for L‑EBC (2.1 Gy; range: 0.6–3.6 Gy) was also significantly higher than that of L‑EBC (0.9 Gy; range: 0.7–2.1 Gy) (P = 0.03). There was no significant impact of the pattern of surgery on LAD dose, but significance was noted for LCx dose parameters (P = 0.04 and 0.08 for m‑Dmax and m‑Dmean of LCx). CONCLUSION: This pilot dosimetric study confirms the assumption that patients with left‑sided EBC are at higher risk of developing long‑term cardiac morbidity when treated with PORT due to increased dose to LAD.

Shewanella algae in acute gastroenteritis.

Shewanella algae is an emerging bacteria rarely implicated as a human pathogen. Previously reported cases of S. algae have mainly been associated with direct contact with seawater. Here we report the isolation of S. algae as the sole etiological agent from a patient suffering from acute gastroenteritis with bloody diarrhoea. The bacterium was identifi ed by automated identifi cation system and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Our report highlights the importance of looking for the relatively rare aetiological agents in clinical samples that does not yield common pathogens. It also underscores the usefulness of automated systems in identifi cation of rare pathogens.

A preliminary study of recombinant human interferon-α-2a activity against rabies virus in murine model.

Rabies remains an important public health problem in the world due to uncontrolled enzootic rabies. Although rabies associated fatalities may be prevented with timely immunoprophylaxis, but till date a therapeutic molecule has remained elusive. We investigated the role of rhuIFN α-2a in murine model challenged with rabies virus. Titre of 104.25 LD50/0.03 ml of 10% w/v RV CVS stock suspension were obtained. Based on 1LD50 titre, challenge dose of 50 LD50 was administered along with rhuIFN α-2a with pre-exposure (primed) and post-exposure with the rabies virus. Both showed increased survival time as compared with the virus controls. These fi ndings suggest that the rhuIFN α-2a might have some anti-viral activity, which can be used for the treatment of rabies infection. Further research on the effi cacy of interferon along with anti-viral drugs for the treatment will be helpful in designing combination therapy against the disease.

Transient Corneal Edema is a Predictive Factor for Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema after Uncomplicated Cataract Surgery

PURPOSE: To report transient corneal edema after phacoemulsification as a predictive factor for the development of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). METHODS: A total of 150 eyes from 150 patients (59 men and 91 women; mean age, 68.0 ± 10.15 years) were analyzed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography 1 week and 5 weeks after routine phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Transient corneal edema detected 1 week after surgery was analyzed to reveal any significant relationship with the development of PCME 5 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Transient corneal edema developed in 17 (11.3%) of 150 eyes 1 week after surgery. A history of diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with development of transient corneal edema (odds ratio [OR], 4.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41 to 11.54; p = 0.011). Both diabetes mellitus and transient corneal edema were significantly associated with PCME development 5 weeks after surgery (OR, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.56 to 13.43; p = 0.007; and OR, 6.71; CI, 2.05 to 21.95; p = 0.003, respectively). In the 8 eyes with both diabetes mellitus and transient corneal edema, 4 (50%) developed PCME 5 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Transient corneal edema detected 1 week after routine cataract surgery is a predictive factor for development of PCME. Close postoperative observation and intervention is recommended in patients with transient corneal edema.

Osteosarcoma: an immunophenotypic study for characterization and behavior.

Background: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor occurring in second and third decades of life with a second peak later. Biopsy (needle or incision) is necessary for diagnosis along with imaging modalities (X-ray, CT scan etc) and serology. Due to diagnostic dilemma in certain cases and for prognosis of patients, immunohistochemistry is increasingly used. Aims: To assess the pathologic features and determinants of osteosarcoma in patients of the Indian subcontinent that would put an insight into its appearance and behavior. Methods and Material: Forty cases of biopsy proven osteosarcoma were selected over a period of three years. Histopathology was done for tumor typing, along with serology (pre and post-operative serum alkaline phosphatase). In all cases TNM staging and immunohistochemistry for antibodies to Osteonectin (ON) (diagnosis), S100 (differentiation), Ki 67 and Her2 (prognosis) was done. Results: Serum alkaline phosphatase was high in 37 (92%) cases initially and remained high in metastatic and recurrent lesions. Osteonectin was positive in 38 (95%) cases, S100 in 31 (77%), Ki 67 showed overlapping labeling indices between 4.8-18.8% and Her2 showed more positivity in higher stage tumors. Conclusions: Biopsy (along with imaging) is mandatory to diagnose osteosarcoma. Osteonectin is a good immunohistochemical marker to differentiate osteosarcoma from its mimics. For prognostication, serum alkaline phosphatase, post chemotherapy tumor necrosis (more than 90%), lack of Her2 expression are good parameters. S100 and Ki67 were found to have limited role in diagnosis and prognosis of osteosarcoma.